Value Type

Schwartz's research on the value of one of them aiming to solve the problem of whether the values ​​are shared by humans can be grouped into several types of value (value type). Then each of these types are composed of a number of special values. Each type of value is the role of motivation in itself to motivate someone in the act. Therefore, Schwartz also mentioned this as a motivational value type type of value.From the results of his research in 44 countries, Schwartz (1992, 1994) suggests the existence of 10 types of value (value types) are shared by humans, namely:

1. PowerType this value is the basis on more than one type of universal needs, namely the transformation of the individual needs of domination and control which will be identified through an analysis of social motives. The main purpose of this value type is the attainment of social status and prestige, and control or dominance over another person or a particular resource. Special values ​​(specific values) type values ​​are: social power, authority, wealth, preserving my public image and social recognition.2. AchievementThe purpose of this value type is personal success by demonstrating competence according to social standards. Competent performance of a necessity if one feels the need to develop themselves, and if the social interaction and institutional demand. Special value contained in the type of value is: succesful, capable, Ambitious, Influential.3. HedonismType this value derived from organismic needs and pleasure associated with satisfying these needs. Priority value of this type of pleasure and satisfaction for yourself. Special value is the kind of values ​​are: pleasure, enjoying life.4. StimulationThis value comes from the type of organismic need for variety and stimulation to keep the person's activity remains at its optimal level. Variations affect the biological elements of this requirement, and the additional impact of social experience, will produce individual differences on the importance of this value. Type of motivational goal of this value is the excitement, the challenges in life. Special value is the kind of values ​​are: online, varied life, exciting life.5. Self-directionThe main purpose of this is the type of thought and action are not bound (independent), such as selecting, creating, investigating. Self-direction comes from organismic needs for control and mastery (mastery), as well as the interaction of the demands of autonomy and detachment. Special value is the kind of values ​​are: creativity, curious, freedom, choosing own goals, independent.6. UniversalismType these values ​​include the values ​​of maturity and prosocial action. Type gives priority value appreciation, tolerance, understanding others, and protection of human welfare. Examples of special value are the kind of values ​​are: broad-minded, social justice, equality, wisdom, inner harmony.7. BenevolenceType this value is closer to the previous definition of the concept of prosocial. When prosocial over the welfare of all people in all conditions, the type of the value of benevolence to others over the close of the day-to-day interactions. This type can be derived from two kinds of needs, namely the need to develop positive interaction groups, and organismic needs to be an affiliate. Type of motivational goal of this value is increased well-being of individuals involved in an intimate personal contact. Special value is the kind of values ​​are: helpful, honest, Forgiving, Responsible, loyal, true friendship, mature love.8. TraditionGroups everywhere to develop symbols and behaviors that represent the experiences and shared their fate. Drawn largely from the tradition of religious rites, beliefs, and norms to behave. Motivational goal of this type of value is reward, commitment, and acceptance of the customs, traditions, customs, or religion. Special value that includes the type of value is: humble, Devout, accepting my portion in life, moderate, respect for tradition.9. ConformityThe purpose of this is the type of restrictions on behavior, the individual impulses are considered not in line with expectations or social norms. This is taken from an individual needs to reduce social divisions and group functions when the interaction is not going well. Special value is the kind of values ​​are: politeness, obedient, honoring parents and Elders, self discipline.10. SecurityMotivational purposes the value of this type are concerned about security, harmony, and stability of society, human relationships, and yourself. This stems from the basic needs of individuals and groups. This value type is the achievement of the two interests, the individual and collective. Special value includes the value of this type are: national security, social order, clean, healthy, Reciprocation of favors, family security, sense of belonging.Structure of Value RelationsIn addition there are 10 types of values, Schwartz also argues that there is a structure that describes the relationship between these values. To identify the structural relationships between values, the assumption was that the achievement of a value type to have psychological consequences, practical, and social conflict or otherwise can go hand in hand (compatible) with the achievement of other value types. For example, the achievement of achievement values ​​would conflict with the achievement of the value of benevolence, because individuals who put personal success may obstruct efforts to improve the welfare of others. Conversely, the achievement of the benevolence can run in harmony with the achievement of value for both conformity-oriented behavior which could be accepted by social groups.
Achievement of value along with each other relations between the generating system as follows:

1. Type the value of power and achievement, both emphasize social superiority and self-esteem
2. Type the value of achievement and Hedonism, both stressed the gratification of self-centered
3. Hedonism and stimulation value types, both stressed the desire to meet the excitement in
4. Type the stimulation and self-direction, both emphasize the intrinsic interest in mastering a new field or fields
5. Type the value of self-direction and Universalism, both expressing confidence in the decision or self-assessment and recognition of the diversity of the essence of life
6. Universalism and benevolence value types, both emphasize the orientation of the welfare of others and not give priority to private interests
7. Type the value of benevolence and conformity, both emphasize the normative behavior that support the intimate interaction between individuals
8. Type the value of benevolence and tradition, both emphasized the importance of the sense of a group in which individuals are
9. Type the value of conformity and tradition, both emphasized the importance of meeting the social expectations of the above self-interest
10. Type the value of tradition and security, both emphasize the importance of social rules to provide certainty in life
11. Type the value of conformity and security, both emphasizing the protection of the rule and harmony in social relationships
12. Type the value of security and power, both stressed the need to address the threat of uncertainty by means of controlling the relationship between people and resources.

Based on the type of value that is consistent and conflict, Schwartz concluded that the type of value can be organized in a bipolar dimension, namely:

1. Dimensions opennes to change the priority of independent thought and action as opposed to the dimensions of the priority conservation restrictions on behavior, adherence to traditional rules, and protection of stability. Opennes to change the dimensions of the stimulation and contains a type of self direction, while the dimensions of local conservation value of type conformity, tradition, and security.
2. The second dimension is the dimension of self-transcendence that emphasize acceptance that humans are essentially the same for the welfare of others as opposed to self-enhancement dimension to prioritize the achievement of individual success and dominance over others. Type a value that is included in the dimension self-transcendence is Universalism and benevolence. While the type of value belonging to the dimension of self-enhancement is the achievement and power. Hedonism either type a value associated with a dimension of self-enhancement and openness to change.