memory

Psychology in the scope of science, there are several theories regarding memory expressed by the experts. Below are discussed some of these theories.
ASSOCIATION MODEL (MODEL ASSOCIATION)
Early theories of memory known as the Association Model (Model Association). According to this model, memory is the result of a mental connection between the idea of ​​the concept. Well-known figures to support this theory include the Ebbinghaus who did some research, among others, as well forget about the savings function. The chart below shows one of the results of studies showing that the lower retention rates over time.

COGNITIVE MODEL (MODEL KOGNITIF)
Cognitive Model says that memory is part of information processing. This theory tries to explain that humans have three kinds of memory as follows:

• Sensory Memory: Sensory memory is defined as a "momentary Lingering of sensory information after a stimulus is removed." Freely translated, the above sentence means that the Sensory memory is sensory information that was left was taken shortly after the stimulus. Not all of the information recorded will be stored in memory Sensory memory further to the Short Term or Long-term, because people will make the process of selective attention, namely to choose which information will be processed further.
• Short-Term Memory: Short-term memory is stored for longer than the Sensory Memory. This memory contains the things that we know in our minds at this time. Our brains can perform multiple processes to save what's on Short-Term Memory in Long-Term Memory, such as rehearsal (repeating information in our minds until we remember it) or encoding (the process where information is transformed into something that is easy in mind). One concrete example of the encoding process is when we perform chunking, such as when we remember phone numbers, where we will try to divide the row of numbers into several pieces that are easier to remember. will try to divide the row of numbers into several pieces that are easier to remember.
• Long-Term Memory: Long-Term Memory is the information stored in our memory for the foreseeable future. When we need information that has been in long term memory, then we will do the retrieval process, the process of seeking and finding the required information. This retrieval process can be:
  
  • Recognition: Recognizing a stimulus that had never experienced before. For example, in a multiple choice question, students are only required to perform recognition for all the answer choices given. Students only need to recognize the correct answer among the choices.
  • Recall: Recall information is ever stored in the past. For example, when witnesses are asked to retell what happened at the accident scene, the witness must do the recal.

Retrieval bisa dibantu dengan adanya cue, yaitu informasi yang berhubungan dengan apa yang tersimpan di Memori Jangka Panjang. Terkadang kita merasa sudah hampir bisa menyebutkan sesuatu dari ingatan kita namun tetap tidak bisa; fenomena ini disebut tip of the tounge. Misalnya ketika kita bertemu dengan kenalan lama dan kita yakin sekali bahwa kita mengingat namanya namun tetap tidak dapat menyebutkannya.

TULVING’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
According to Tulving, Memory can be viewed as a hierarchy that consists of three memory systems:

• Procedural memory: The memory of how to do something, such as memory on how to peel a banana and then eat it. This memory is not only humans, but is owned by all the creatures that have the ability to learn, for example an animal considering how to do acrobatics in the circus.
• Semantic memory: memory of the facts, such as Memory of the State capitals. Most of the verbal form of Semantic Memory.
• Episodic Memory: The memory of the events that have personally experienced by individuals in the past. For example, memory of one's childhood experiences.
  Tulving submit evidence of a memory system that separated as above, among others through:

• Amnesia: The existence of different amnesia, ie amnesia sufferer who forgets Episodic Memory (past experience), but still remember the Procedural Memory.
• Alzheimer's disease is also only attack a particular memory system.

HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY SKILLS
The experts are still debating whether the memory is a trait (nature) or skill (ability). Trait is something that is stable and can not be increased, while the skill is something that can be learned and improved.
People who have a very high memory capacity has the following characteristics:

• Proses encoding yang majemuk dan bermakna.
• Memiliki banyak cue dengan asosiasi tinggi
• Banyak latihan

Examples of people with high memory capacity:

• Steve Faloon: can remember a long series of numbers
• John Conrad: can remember the order meals in restaurants with very good
• Rajan: can remember the number phi

For normal people, there are ways you can do to improve memory, among others:

• Mnemonic: Creating associations between things to be remembered.
• Method of loci: Trying to create a picture like a map in our minds and associate places in the map with the things I want to be remembered.
• Peg word / rhythm: Associating words to be remembered in other words, the rhythmic.
• Using visual imagery, such as John Conrad uses visual imagery to recall food orders from guests.
• Understanding the thing to remember, and not just memorizing by rote. It is understood will be remembered longer than rote memorization.
• Context when a matter is being studied as a context where it should be recalled (encoding specificity)
• Memory will be better when the individual feels emotionally involved, but not very high emotional involvement.
• Use as much as possible clue when trying to remember something.
• MMemory would be better if something learned over time, although each session is short enough, rather than learn something in one long session. So it's better to learn something in three separate sessions, each 20 minutes long rather than one long one-hour sessions.
• Memory would be better if the teaching materials are stored in several ways, for example, given a lesson in terms of both visual and audio will be better than just one.