AS PART OF PSYCHOLOGY physiologist
Psychology as part of physiology appeared in the 19th century along with the progress of natural science (natural science). In this phase of the human mind continues to grow and many human physiological exploration empirically.At this stage there began to be empirical and scientific answers to questions that often arise in the past:What is a soul (soul)?How to form concrete?How to measure it?How the body-soul relationship?Scientific context of the 19th century: a lot of empirical research conducted in the field of physiological include: neural activity, sensation / sensing, and the physiological brain. The results of research on these three areas are very significant opening insight into the man that reinforces the view that time scientists of the importance of systematic empirical strategy in every field of science. For the psychology of these results gave way to establish a physiological basis for mental operations. Important to understand logically and empirically the mental activity itself Describe the position of modern psychology that is close to the field of medicine and psychiatry.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Advise the inductive method as the primary method in science due to depart from the observations of the real thing. Thus he challenged the opinion that Aristotle and the Scholastic method of deductive - inductive as strong. In such a context in ataslah said that Bacon 'not agree' with the speculative rationalism, although the idea itself is also very rational. With the return on real facts, Bacon hope science can be free from speculative principles, but has been very strong holdThere are three major movements in the field of science that affect the establishment of psychology as a science of self-discipline and how to progress it in the 20th century:• Physiological• psychophysiological• EvolutionAdvances in the field of physiological, includes research in the field of neural activity, sensation, and the brain that provide the empirical basis for the functions that were previously considered to be a function of the soul (spirit), who also previously considered to be very abstract.
Important figures: Charles Bell, Francoise Magendie: the fact that the sensory and motor nerves operate separately and direction. Erode the notion that human neural mencover both, communicating information to the motor nerves through the 'vibration' is derived from sensory information. Johannes Mueller: more emphasis on the process of nerve transmission. Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies: nerve transmission is the process that bridges between the sensed object in mind. Human awareness then, is not solely caused by a specific object, nor is it because the soul, but is mediated by the process of nerve transmission. This view complements the explanation about the role of mind and consciousness (cogito ergo sum) and the basis for research on the specific location of certain functions in the brain. Marshall Hall: reflex commandeered by the spinal cord (spinal cord) and not the nerves of the brain stem. Differentiating your body movements into 4 groups: voluntary movement, respiratory movement, involuntary movement, and reflexes. This sparked a discussion of his view of consciousness that is very relevant to the development of psychology. Paul Broca (1824 - 1880), find the center that controls the activity of Broca's speech. He was an important figure in physiological studies of the brain. The study grew out of phrenology (Gall & Spurzheim), the only approach that focuses on the brain. The main focus of exploration is to discover the physiological brain physiological location of the mental parts, certain parts of the brain which is the central of human mental activity. Pierre Flourens (1794-1867), tried to approach the evidence of non-pathological (Broca's complement), find the important centers of the brain that is: Cerebral hemisphere: willing, Judging, memory, seeing, and hearing Cerebellum: motor coordination Medulla oblongata: mediation of the sensory and the motor function Corpora quadrigemina: vision Spinal cord: conduction nervous: excitation The experts be busy themselves with physiological studies of sensation, trying to describe the anatomy of sensory receptors and analyzed the resulting psychological experience based on physiological processes. Leader: Thomas Young (1773-1829): trichromatic theory, Jan Purkinje (1787-1869): a systematic relationship between the structure of the eyes and nerves to the brain to explain perceptual error.• psychophysiological
Psychophysics, is part of the discipline of physiology that focuses on the subjective experience in studying the relationship between physical stimulus and sensation. Sensation perceived by the human senses is seen as a reflection of soul-body relationship and not solely be explained in terms of anatomy or physical. Psychophysics is a crucial transitional stage between the initial appearance of the field of physiological psychology as a discipline. Therefore the figures psychophysics can be regarded as the founders of psychology.
Important figures:Gustav Theodor Fechner : the relationship between sensation and perception, psychophysical consider as an inexact science to explain the relationship between body and mind. He did not agree with materialism, that mind must always be embodied in a tangible form can only be observed, otherwise he adhered to the tradition of German thought which the mind diangagp as something active and has a structure independently. He proposed an empirical science of the mind where increased bodily and sensory stimulations are considered as an indicator or measurement for the intensity of mental experience.The main concepts: threshold or threshold. (Absolute threshold, just noticeable threshold). Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)A pioneer of experimental psychology, a lot of use in studies of reaction time, is something that is still widely used in psi experiments until now.The concept is: unconscious inference: inference results obtained based on human perception of an iterative process that ends up being something that is not realized, 'irresisitible', once formed is difficult to consciously modified and generalized to similar stimuli in the environment. Another important concept: unbewusster schlussThe figures show psychophysics study area that are not easily accommodated in the physical, physiological, or philosophy. This study area is developed into an object of study in psychology.• Evolution
Evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a key point in thinking about the man as put forward the idea that human existence is part of the process of adaptation to living with nature, man is not a specially created and thus differ from other creatures is only a gradual , not quality. This view is important and relevant to the development of psychology, especially to the idea of individual difference, the difference between individuals is also its only gradual, not quality.Key people:Francis Galton (1822 - 1911): known as the father of experimental psychology England. Display and usefulness of the practical aspects of Darwin's evolutionary theory, Darwin's theory of transfer of a biological context to the context of improvement in society.Developments in the world of psychiatryContribution from the world of psychiatry, especially in the exploration of pathological psychiatric symptoms and enrichment in the field of methodology. The field is primarily related to clinical psychology.Figures: Kraepelin: classification of psychosis, the physiological determinants of mental disorders, psychological test preparation for the mentally ill. Kretschmer: relationship of body shape and psychiatric disorders, and congenital typology
Psychology as part of physiology appeared in the 19th century along with the progress of natural science (natural science). In this phase of the human mind continues to grow and many human physiological exploration empirically.At this stage there began to be empirical and scientific answers to questions that often arise in the past:What is a soul (soul)?How to form concrete?How to measure it?How the body-soul relationship?Scientific context of the 19th century: a lot of empirical research conducted in the field of physiological include: neural activity, sensation / sensing, and the physiological brain. The results of research on these three areas are very significant opening insight into the man that reinforces the view that time scientists of the importance of systematic empirical strategy in every field of science. For the psychology of these results gave way to establish a physiological basis for mental operations. Important to understand logically and empirically the mental activity itself Describe the position of modern psychology that is close to the field of medicine and psychiatry.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Advise the inductive method as the primary method in science due to depart from the observations of the real thing. Thus he challenged the opinion that Aristotle and the Scholastic method of deductive - inductive as strong. In such a context in ataslah said that Bacon 'not agree' with the speculative rationalism, although the idea itself is also very rational. With the return on real facts, Bacon hope science can be free from speculative principles, but has been very strong holdThere are three major movements in the field of science that affect the establishment of psychology as a science of self-discipline and how to progress it in the 20th century:• Physiological• psychophysiological• EvolutionAdvances in the field of physiological, includes research in the field of neural activity, sensation, and the brain that provide the empirical basis for the functions that were previously considered to be a function of the soul (spirit), who also previously considered to be very abstract.
Important figures: Charles Bell, Francoise Magendie: the fact that the sensory and motor nerves operate separately and direction. Erode the notion that human neural mencover both, communicating information to the motor nerves through the 'vibration' is derived from sensory information. Johannes Mueller: more emphasis on the process of nerve transmission. Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies: nerve transmission is the process that bridges between the sensed object in mind. Human awareness then, is not solely caused by a specific object, nor is it because the soul, but is mediated by the process of nerve transmission. This view complements the explanation about the role of mind and consciousness (cogito ergo sum) and the basis for research on the specific location of certain functions in the brain. Marshall Hall: reflex commandeered by the spinal cord (spinal cord) and not the nerves of the brain stem. Differentiating your body movements into 4 groups: voluntary movement, respiratory movement, involuntary movement, and reflexes. This sparked a discussion of his view of consciousness that is very relevant to the development of psychology. Paul Broca (1824 - 1880), find the center that controls the activity of Broca's speech. He was an important figure in physiological studies of the brain. The study grew out of phrenology (Gall & Spurzheim), the only approach that focuses on the brain. The main focus of exploration is to discover the physiological brain physiological location of the mental parts, certain parts of the brain which is the central of human mental activity. Pierre Flourens (1794-1867), tried to approach the evidence of non-pathological (Broca's complement), find the important centers of the brain that is: Cerebral hemisphere: willing, Judging, memory, seeing, and hearing Cerebellum: motor coordination Medulla oblongata: mediation of the sensory and the motor function Corpora quadrigemina: vision Spinal cord: conduction nervous: excitation The experts be busy themselves with physiological studies of sensation, trying to describe the anatomy of sensory receptors and analyzed the resulting psychological experience based on physiological processes. Leader: Thomas Young (1773-1829): trichromatic theory, Jan Purkinje (1787-1869): a systematic relationship between the structure of the eyes and nerves to the brain to explain perceptual error.• psychophysiological
Psychophysics, is part of the discipline of physiology that focuses on the subjective experience in studying the relationship between physical stimulus and sensation. Sensation perceived by the human senses is seen as a reflection of soul-body relationship and not solely be explained in terms of anatomy or physical. Psychophysics is a crucial transitional stage between the initial appearance of the field of physiological psychology as a discipline. Therefore the figures psychophysics can be regarded as the founders of psychology.
Important figures:Gustav Theodor Fechner : the relationship between sensation and perception, psychophysical consider as an inexact science to explain the relationship between body and mind. He did not agree with materialism, that mind must always be embodied in a tangible form can only be observed, otherwise he adhered to the tradition of German thought which the mind diangagp as something active and has a structure independently. He proposed an empirical science of the mind where increased bodily and sensory stimulations are considered as an indicator or measurement for the intensity of mental experience.The main concepts: threshold or threshold. (Absolute threshold, just noticeable threshold). Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)A pioneer of experimental psychology, a lot of use in studies of reaction time, is something that is still widely used in psi experiments until now.The concept is: unconscious inference: inference results obtained based on human perception of an iterative process that ends up being something that is not realized, 'irresisitible', once formed is difficult to consciously modified and generalized to similar stimuli in the environment. Another important concept: unbewusster schlussThe figures show psychophysics study area that are not easily accommodated in the physical, physiological, or philosophy. This study area is developed into an object of study in psychology.• Evolution
Evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a key point in thinking about the man as put forward the idea that human existence is part of the process of adaptation to living with nature, man is not a specially created and thus differ from other creatures is only a gradual , not quality. This view is important and relevant to the development of psychology, especially to the idea of individual difference, the difference between individuals is also its only gradual, not quality.Key people:Francis Galton (1822 - 1911): known as the father of experimental psychology England. Display and usefulness of the practical aspects of Darwin's evolutionary theory, Darwin's theory of transfer of a biological context to the context of improvement in society.Developments in the world of psychiatryContribution from the world of psychiatry, especially in the exploration of pathological psychiatric symptoms and enrichment in the field of methodology. The field is primarily related to clinical psychology.Figures: Kraepelin: classification of psychosis, the physiological determinants of mental disorders, psychological test preparation for the mentally ill. Kretschmer: relationship of body shape and psychiatric disorders, and congenital typology
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