PSYCHOLOGY AS PART OF PHILOSOPHYSocial and intellectual context The RennaisanceThis
period was a reaction to the previous period, in which the doctrinal
knowledge under the influence of the church and more based on faith. This
reaction is so strong that it can be said to replace the role of faith
in the role of reason, science and faith took the place of religion in
society. The
spirit of enlightenment increasingly evident in the development of
science and philosophy through strengthening the role of reason (reason)
in all fields, known as the age of reason. The human mind are highly valued and used to form knowledge.Rennaissance
period marked by shifting the focus from God-centeredness of
understanding into human-centerednes, known as secularization or
humanity. The
writings of famous philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and others
examined to see how the mindset of the author and historical context of
the writing was made. So you are looking for is human truth and truth is not God. Conclusions are finally acceptance that truth has more than one perspective.Renaissance period was followed by Luther in the reformation of the Christian religion, which has two important meanings. First,
Luther's reforms further weakened the church's influence and support
the independence of man in managing his faith in God. Both
wars caused by the reform, also revealed the negative side of humanity
such as persecution, suffering, and a sense of human helplessness. The Scientific RevolutionThere are some important insights about human beings at this time:A more mechanistic mindset of looking at nature and man. That means that nature has a system, can be predicted, and not subject to the laws of mere spiritual. Humans also have a reason, the ability to think logically and thus not subject to the law of total spiritual and loyalty alone.Proponent: Newton theory of gravitation Copernicus Heliocentric (contradicting the Galileo) Mind-body solution of the DescartesNature philosophy: be governed by the laws of nature are uncertain, empirical and verifiable by experiment. Understanding the nature of mental attitude to be followed and the experimental testing of objective fact.The implication is the emergence of discussion. 'Knowledge' that led to the development of science and scientific method advanced by leaps and bounds. The emphasis on real facts rather than abstract thinking. Exact sciences using empiri become increasingly dominant approach, something that until now its influence can still be felt. At this time fisikalah science known as 'the queen of science', with the advent of physicists like Newton.
2. Influence on psychology: (click on the tab to see the contents)• The Philosophy• Empiricism• Asosiasinisme2. A. As part of the philosophy of sciencethinking about human beings inevitably are affected, though the psychology is not ready to be an empirical science as a discussion of human activity is not complete: what is the object of study of psychology? Therefore, this discussion focuses on the soul-body relationship and how they affect human activity. View of the two main characters:Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Emphasizing the importance of self-awareness of our experience, cogito ergo sum. Descartes became the first philosopher who emphasized the power of the human internal factors as the only force that can be trusted, compared to external factors. Spiritual ideas, understanding dimenasi time and space, all sourced from internal forces, different from the previous tradition of thinking philosopher who thinks this idea comes from the external environment. The idea of the soul-body Cartesian dualismyang delivery is very popular and used by other philosophers as well: Soul (expressed in mind): an entity distinct and separate from the body, more easily understood by humans as a process of self reflection / self awareness is assumed to be inherent in humans. Body: physical entity in humans are subject to the principle of physiological mechanisms, just as it did in animals. But in humans, physical activity is subject to the command mind. Thus the mind was the one factor (the ability to self-reflection) that distinguishes humans from animals and creatures that make it intellectually superior.The relationship between the mind-body-centered nature psychophysical pineal gland. Physical processes studied in the field of physiological and psychological aspects studied by the mind. Descartes became the first modern philosopher to define psychology as the study object of mind.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz (1646-1716). Derived from Germany. View of its tradition of German philosophy in a more active mental process. Body and soul are not seen as a dualism, but rather viewed as an integrated aspect of human activity. Mind has the inherent dynamic element, which allows an active role on the environment. a more active view is not separated from the German political context at that time was more volatile than the UK, where it is still a conflict between religions is accompanied by regional conflict (War 30 years). Leibnitz: "Nothing is in the intellect That has not been in the senses, except the intellect Itself". Mind has its own principles and kategorinnya that are innate and essential for understanding. Idea innate nature, the process of thinking is a process that occurs without interruption, there is no conscious and unconscious dimensions. The concept of the monad as an energy booster to every creature. Which will also determine the uniqueness of the individual. In humans, this monad is the mind. 2. B. Attempt to make man into an empirical knowledge of: strengthen the color of 'natural science' of studies on humans. This view is held by aliranempiricism. The main view: Knowledge comes from experience. Not acknowledge the existence of innate knowledge of nature. Represented by Locke's tabula rasa - a clean man is born as a tabula rasa and its formation depends on the number of tabula rasa contents page. Experience in the treatment of human sources, ranging from simple processing such as sensation (Locke), perceived as the only treatment process (Berkeley) to the more complex and deep like a reflection. Knowledge gained from simple processing is simpler but more objective than the knowledge gained through in-depth process. The cause is the simple, the less subjective human element involved. Start thinking about the laws of association, such as contiguity and similarity (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) and cause-effect (Hume). Mind acknowledged its existence but differ from one person to another, as determined by experience org contents page. Differences in the intensity of objectivity, ranging from the view that only recognizes the existence of the real world (Locke) to the more subjective (Berkeley with a view of God as the source of data and Hume with an emphasis on humans). The main contribution to psychology: the recognition of the natural world and realistic world that becomes an important empirical test, recognition of the importance of the element of experience / environment. figuresColors are very strong rational and empirical thought coloring empirical figures: Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) The philosopher is from England. In his time Britain is experiencing a peak in the field of politics and economics, has emerged as the dominant nationalist forces in Europe and dominate the world by colonization. Therefore, thinking about politics flourished in England. An empirically true, stating that everything that exists can be observed, the concept of matter and motion. Mind forms of knowledge through the association .. Sensation that is felt through the human experience and the associated form of knowledge. John Locke (1632-1704). Derived from the state and the same social context with Hobbes. Also an empirical influential in his time. As a philosopher he was also actively involved in politics. soul-body relationship: There is nothing in the mind That was not first in the senses. External factors are more powerful than internal factors. Also corroborated by the theory of tabula taste. The sensation of self-reflection-ideas. Although initially developed through the element of carnal mind, but the quality of mind essential to Locke. Two mental mechanisms that are important: associations and self-reflection. George Berkeley (1685-1753). sharply criticize Locke, have opposing views to Locke. As if emerging from the context of physical reality. According to Berkeley arises from our perception of reality that is driven by the principle of association. So the mind dominates the body (like Descartes).C. Associationism: merupkan a growing stream of empirism. Source of knowledge is about ideas and sensations (James Mill). The experts in this field emphasizes the principle of association as a mechanism to gain experience. So the contents of the mind is the experience gained through the association of environmental stimuli. The thought of this association is mainly grown in the UK and the beginning of the emphasis on learning and memory. Explanation of the association focused on the discovery of the laws of association, such as the law of contiguity, the same information that appears in conjunction with each other will connect to the associated knowledge (Hartley, James Mill), law of similarity, the same information would be linked, law of intensity- a combination of basic elements that make up something different from each = each element (John S. Mills). In essence, sensing and feelings can establish a connection and enter together into the mind as one of knowledge, so when one appears the other will also be raised (Bain) Initiatives to explain the association through a physiological process, the delineation process of the brain and neurological reflex nerves, a pioneer for the physiological psychology (ex. Hartley, Bain).
Describe efforts to Scientific Psychology Moot.There was a time also of psychology attempted to explain through science that developed several methods that truly scientific. Sciences is known as pseudo-science, such as phrenologi, phisiognomi, and mesmerism. Symptoms that until now was the emergence of 'parapsychology'.
2. Influence on psychology: (click on the tab to see the contents)• The Philosophy• Empiricism• Asosiasinisme2. A. As part of the philosophy of sciencethinking about human beings inevitably are affected, though the psychology is not ready to be an empirical science as a discussion of human activity is not complete: what is the object of study of psychology? Therefore, this discussion focuses on the soul-body relationship and how they affect human activity. View of the two main characters:Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Emphasizing the importance of self-awareness of our experience, cogito ergo sum. Descartes became the first philosopher who emphasized the power of the human internal factors as the only force that can be trusted, compared to external factors. Spiritual ideas, understanding dimenasi time and space, all sourced from internal forces, different from the previous tradition of thinking philosopher who thinks this idea comes from the external environment. The idea of the soul-body Cartesian dualismyang delivery is very popular and used by other philosophers as well: Soul (expressed in mind): an entity distinct and separate from the body, more easily understood by humans as a process of self reflection / self awareness is assumed to be inherent in humans. Body: physical entity in humans are subject to the principle of physiological mechanisms, just as it did in animals. But in humans, physical activity is subject to the command mind. Thus the mind was the one factor (the ability to self-reflection) that distinguishes humans from animals and creatures that make it intellectually superior.The relationship between the mind-body-centered nature psychophysical pineal gland. Physical processes studied in the field of physiological and psychological aspects studied by the mind. Descartes became the first modern philosopher to define psychology as the study object of mind.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz (1646-1716). Derived from Germany. View of its tradition of German philosophy in a more active mental process. Body and soul are not seen as a dualism, but rather viewed as an integrated aspect of human activity. Mind has the inherent dynamic element, which allows an active role on the environment. a more active view is not separated from the German political context at that time was more volatile than the UK, where it is still a conflict between religions is accompanied by regional conflict (War 30 years). Leibnitz: "Nothing is in the intellect That has not been in the senses, except the intellect Itself". Mind has its own principles and kategorinnya that are innate and essential for understanding. Idea innate nature, the process of thinking is a process that occurs without interruption, there is no conscious and unconscious dimensions. The concept of the monad as an energy booster to every creature. Which will also determine the uniqueness of the individual. In humans, this monad is the mind. 2. B. Attempt to make man into an empirical knowledge of: strengthen the color of 'natural science' of studies on humans. This view is held by aliranempiricism. The main view: Knowledge comes from experience. Not acknowledge the existence of innate knowledge of nature. Represented by Locke's tabula rasa - a clean man is born as a tabula rasa and its formation depends on the number of tabula rasa contents page. Experience in the treatment of human sources, ranging from simple processing such as sensation (Locke), perceived as the only treatment process (Berkeley) to the more complex and deep like a reflection. Knowledge gained from simple processing is simpler but more objective than the knowledge gained through in-depth process. The cause is the simple, the less subjective human element involved. Start thinking about the laws of association, such as contiguity and similarity (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) and cause-effect (Hume). Mind acknowledged its existence but differ from one person to another, as determined by experience org contents page. Differences in the intensity of objectivity, ranging from the view that only recognizes the existence of the real world (Locke) to the more subjective (Berkeley with a view of God as the source of data and Hume with an emphasis on humans). The main contribution to psychology: the recognition of the natural world and realistic world that becomes an important empirical test, recognition of the importance of the element of experience / environment. figuresColors are very strong rational and empirical thought coloring empirical figures: Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) The philosopher is from England. In his time Britain is experiencing a peak in the field of politics and economics, has emerged as the dominant nationalist forces in Europe and dominate the world by colonization. Therefore, thinking about politics flourished in England. An empirically true, stating that everything that exists can be observed, the concept of matter and motion. Mind forms of knowledge through the association .. Sensation that is felt through the human experience and the associated form of knowledge. John Locke (1632-1704). Derived from the state and the same social context with Hobbes. Also an empirical influential in his time. As a philosopher he was also actively involved in politics. soul-body relationship: There is nothing in the mind That was not first in the senses. External factors are more powerful than internal factors. Also corroborated by the theory of tabula taste. The sensation of self-reflection-ideas. Although initially developed through the element of carnal mind, but the quality of mind essential to Locke. Two mental mechanisms that are important: associations and self-reflection. George Berkeley (1685-1753). sharply criticize Locke, have opposing views to Locke. As if emerging from the context of physical reality. According to Berkeley arises from our perception of reality that is driven by the principle of association. So the mind dominates the body (like Descartes).C. Associationism: merupkan a growing stream of empirism. Source of knowledge is about ideas and sensations (James Mill). The experts in this field emphasizes the principle of association as a mechanism to gain experience. So the contents of the mind is the experience gained through the association of environmental stimuli. The thought of this association is mainly grown in the UK and the beginning of the emphasis on learning and memory. Explanation of the association focused on the discovery of the laws of association, such as the law of contiguity, the same information that appears in conjunction with each other will connect to the associated knowledge (Hartley, James Mill), law of similarity, the same information would be linked, law of intensity- a combination of basic elements that make up something different from each = each element (John S. Mills). In essence, sensing and feelings can establish a connection and enter together into the mind as one of knowledge, so when one appears the other will also be raised (Bain) Initiatives to explain the association through a physiological process, the delineation process of the brain and neurological reflex nerves, a pioneer for the physiological psychology (ex. Hartley, Bain).
Describe efforts to Scientific Psychology Moot.There was a time also of psychology attempted to explain through science that developed several methods that truly scientific. Sciences is known as pseudo-science, such as phrenologi, phisiognomi, and mesmerism. Symptoms that until now was the emergence of 'parapsychology'.
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