Approach
and orientation of the Greek philosophy focused on the exploration of
nature, empirical observations, marked by progress in the field of
astronomy and mathematics, natural science lay in the psychological
characteristics, that is objective, experimentation and observation, the
real activity of living organisms. The main question that is always repeated:Why do we behave as we do?Why are we Able to generate a reasonable explanation of some actions but not of others?Why do we have moods?Why do we seem to know what we know?
Efforts to find 'the cause'.Comte: causal explanation is an indicator for the development of the intellectual stage for Pre manusiaMasa civilization of Ancient Greece: the intellectual stage of primitivethe theological / animism: the attribution of 'the cause' in the gods or spiritual power. Example: EgyptHumans are the weaker party. Behavior is determined by the strength of the spirit, the human main task is to maintain good relations with them by way of upholding the authority of the spirit.Characterized by the triumph of the Greek philosophers thought of three large: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; although still influenced by the ideas of the previous (Ancient Greece).
• The Ancient Greeks
• Socrate
s• Plato
• AristotleAncient Greece (Cosmological Period)Is the transition from the mindset animisime to the beginning of natural science.Determinants of human activity is natural or the environment. At this time trying to explained human behavior through natural principles or principles analogous to natural phenomena.There are five orientations: naturalistic, biological, mathematical, eclectic, and humanistic.A. Naturalistic:basic elements for determining the existence of life. Example: Thales (water), Anaximenes (air).Ideas about permanence versus change of substance which is analogous to the activity to humans, raises the idea about the soulDeductive thought patterns: generalizations of natural phenomena on human behavior2. Biologic:Raised man above the position of the other natural phenomena, separating the processes in humans of the processes that exist in other creatures in nature.Primary physiological processes to explain human behaviorLeader: Hippocrates, Alcmeon, Empedocles.3. Mathematical:Approach a step further than the world's basic physical, leads to things that are logical but abstract, is a provision for the power of reason.4. Eclectic:Opposed the idea of a basic principle and the 'universal truth'. The idea is fundamentally different from other orientations.Emphasis on sensory information, is operational and practicalScientists should be skeptical attitudeLeader: The sophists-universal lecturers5. Humanistic:Focus: Rationality and intentionality. Ratio is a determinant of human life with all its consequences. The main characters: Socrates.Figure successor Socrates: Plato & AristotleThese three figures: the search for the framework of human knowledge. Foundation stone for a typical western mindset: rational, logical, objective.Distributed by Alexander the Great (student of Aristotle) through military expansion.
SocratesOften referred to as the controversial philosopher, dangerous man for values of the day.Fact: The main objective of Socrates is the quest for the nature of true virtue and goodness of a moral philosopher, "midfive" to knowledge of virtueTypical Socratic Questions:What is justice? What is beauty?What is courage? What is the good?Virtue and knowledge already exists in a person, make an assessment about the human interchangeable. Good-bad is intuitive though it may not know why, latent knowledge.Action: pre-theoryContemplation, explanation: theory, knowledgeMethods: Socratic dialogue, 'Bringing it out of people rather than describing it to them'.Contributions to Psychology / Science
General definitions of virtues
Early techniques of psychotherapies and depth Mailbox upd
Scientific Ethic: publish and defend theoriesPlatoDisciple of Socrates, in contrast with his teacher, came from respectable and educated family.Created the field of epistemology, the study of knowledge, which evolved into the psychology of cognitive psychology.What is knowledge? What is truth? Knowledge is true in all times and all places.Being there is the exposure of truth, can not be found in the sensing material and the ever-changing in the material world. Human observation can not be trusted because it is subjective and not objective. So Plato does not believe in the perception and sensing.
Knowledge has to be rationally justifiableThere is truth to the world of ideas (the Forms). The most perfect forms exist only in idea, a concept that is formed from the real thing is never perfect, always close to the idea, for example, the idea of "perfect circle" exists only in our mind and all the circle is never close to perfect. Because only idelah can be proved rationally.With his views is, Plato is known as a dualist, split between the world of ideas and materials.Why do we act as we do?Apart from being an epistemologist, Plato also continued the tradition of his teacher as a moral philosopher. The focus is also moving around the excavation of human motivation.Plato defines three levels of soul:
rational soul: located in the head, the highest level, perfect.
spirited soul: located in the chest, noble Things like glory and immortality of fame, capable of shame and guilt
desiring soul: located in the belly and below: Irrational impulses, Such as food, sex, desire for money.Third on the soul that drives people to behave. Based on the third level above the soul, the community is divided into three classes as well.
Guardians: the philosophers, the rational soul, an elite group and have the right to rule because of academic education and innate Greatness
. Auxiliaries: the army, the main task is to defend the country and keep the state administration kelancaran
Productive Class: a group of workers, merchants, laborers. Driven by irrational impulses. Work to make ends meet while providing services to both other groups.Criticism: the third-grade depiction of reality is difficult to justify for consistency, for example, the productive and Auxiliaries also have the ability to reason, for example for the calculation and planning work.Contribution to psychology / science: the emphasis is on rationalitas and objectivity of knowledge / science can be said to lay the foundation of natural knowledge (science) which is still adhered to. Understanding of the drives / needs that drive human behavior is the basis for the concept of motivation in psychology. The division became the basis of Freudian motivations.
AristotlePupil of Plato, his teacher bases itself on the view, but then developed its own principles.Aristotle was a biologist, a highly empirical, to believe in things natural and real. Unlike Plato who likes to move in areas ideal, Aristotle is a down to earh.For Aristotle, psychology is the science of the soul. Soul be a vital part of the individual, moving, directing the development of organisms, and actualize the organism into existence now. The soul is the form.In this case different from Aristotle's view of the teacher that separates the idea (which in Aristotle's conception can be equated with the soul) and matter. For Aristotle, the soul and matter are inseparable. The material does not mean without a soul.Not all things in nature have a soul, only the organism, that is Nutritive soul, sensitive soul, rational soul.Structure and Function of Rational / Human soul.
Perception-the starting point of knowledge-has to do with form, not matter. Example: a look at is the closet, not wood.
The Special Senses, any sense to focus on the typical characteristics of an object. For Aristotle, the sense we capture and record these characteristics in our minds, as it is.
The Interior Senses, sensing part which lies in our minds, not in touch with the outside world, but still have contact with the experience of sensation.
Common Sense, which integrates the various sensations which we receive so that it becomes a complete and integrated picture of our world, is located in the heart. Common sense and imagination shape our assessment that ultimately helps us to interpretour sensory experience.
Memory, a complete image of the object to the memory and stored there. The main function of memory is returned to represent the object, without having to with the real presence of the real object. Also result in judgment, feeling like / dislike that are driving the emergence of behavior.
Mind, the most rational, possessed only by humans. So the animals, the information only to the memory. Mind works to form the abstraction of object representations to the memory. In other words, forms of knowledge (knowledge).Passive mind is the potential, does not have its own character. What's new in it to be actualized knowledge through active mind. Active mind moving to process the contents of the passive mind, eternal, and eternal. This section is independent of the body and exist in all humans.MotivationDistinguish between motivation in animals (appetite) and human motivation (wish). Humans understand the good-bad so motivasionalnya moral conflict ethical, while the animal is pleasurable. nex...
Efforts to find 'the cause'.Comte: causal explanation is an indicator for the development of the intellectual stage for Pre manusiaMasa civilization of Ancient Greece: the intellectual stage of primitivethe theological / animism: the attribution of 'the cause' in the gods or spiritual power. Example: EgyptHumans are the weaker party. Behavior is determined by the strength of the spirit, the human main task is to maintain good relations with them by way of upholding the authority of the spirit.Characterized by the triumph of the Greek philosophers thought of three large: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; although still influenced by the ideas of the previous (Ancient Greece).
• The Ancient Greeks
• Socrate
s• Plato
• AristotleAncient Greece (Cosmological Period)Is the transition from the mindset animisime to the beginning of natural science.Determinants of human activity is natural or the environment. At this time trying to explained human behavior through natural principles or principles analogous to natural phenomena.There are five orientations: naturalistic, biological, mathematical, eclectic, and humanistic.A. Naturalistic:basic elements for determining the existence of life. Example: Thales (water), Anaximenes (air).Ideas about permanence versus change of substance which is analogous to the activity to humans, raises the idea about the soulDeductive thought patterns: generalizations of natural phenomena on human behavior2. Biologic:Raised man above the position of the other natural phenomena, separating the processes in humans of the processes that exist in other creatures in nature.Primary physiological processes to explain human behaviorLeader: Hippocrates, Alcmeon, Empedocles.3. Mathematical:Approach a step further than the world's basic physical, leads to things that are logical but abstract, is a provision for the power of reason.4. Eclectic:Opposed the idea of a basic principle and the 'universal truth'. The idea is fundamentally different from other orientations.Emphasis on sensory information, is operational and practicalScientists should be skeptical attitudeLeader: The sophists-universal lecturers5. Humanistic:Focus: Rationality and intentionality. Ratio is a determinant of human life with all its consequences. The main characters: Socrates.Figure successor Socrates: Plato & AristotleThese three figures: the search for the framework of human knowledge. Foundation stone for a typical western mindset: rational, logical, objective.Distributed by Alexander the Great (student of Aristotle) through military expansion.
SocratesOften referred to as the controversial philosopher, dangerous man for values of the day.Fact: The main objective of Socrates is the quest for the nature of true virtue and goodness of a moral philosopher, "midfive" to knowledge of virtueTypical Socratic Questions:What is justice? What is beauty?What is courage? What is the good?Virtue and knowledge already exists in a person, make an assessment about the human interchangeable. Good-bad is intuitive though it may not know why, latent knowledge.Action: pre-theoryContemplation, explanation: theory, knowledgeMethods: Socratic dialogue, 'Bringing it out of people rather than describing it to them'.Contributions to Psychology / Science
General definitions of virtues
Early techniques of psychotherapies and depth Mailbox upd
Scientific Ethic: publish and defend theoriesPlatoDisciple of Socrates, in contrast with his teacher, came from respectable and educated family.Created the field of epistemology, the study of knowledge, which evolved into the psychology of cognitive psychology.What is knowledge? What is truth? Knowledge is true in all times and all places.Being there is the exposure of truth, can not be found in the sensing material and the ever-changing in the material world. Human observation can not be trusted because it is subjective and not objective. So Plato does not believe in the perception and sensing.
Knowledge has to be rationally justifiableThere is truth to the world of ideas (the Forms). The most perfect forms exist only in idea, a concept that is formed from the real thing is never perfect, always close to the idea, for example, the idea of "perfect circle" exists only in our mind and all the circle is never close to perfect. Because only idelah can be proved rationally.With his views is, Plato is known as a dualist, split between the world of ideas and materials.Why do we act as we do?Apart from being an epistemologist, Plato also continued the tradition of his teacher as a moral philosopher. The focus is also moving around the excavation of human motivation.Plato defines three levels of soul:
rational soul: located in the head, the highest level, perfect.
spirited soul: located in the chest, noble Things like glory and immortality of fame, capable of shame and guilt
desiring soul: located in the belly and below: Irrational impulses, Such as food, sex, desire for money.Third on the soul that drives people to behave. Based on the third level above the soul, the community is divided into three classes as well.
Guardians: the philosophers, the rational soul, an elite group and have the right to rule because of academic education and innate Greatness
. Auxiliaries: the army, the main task is to defend the country and keep the state administration kelancaran
Productive Class: a group of workers, merchants, laborers. Driven by irrational impulses. Work to make ends meet while providing services to both other groups.Criticism: the third-grade depiction of reality is difficult to justify for consistency, for example, the productive and Auxiliaries also have the ability to reason, for example for the calculation and planning work.Contribution to psychology / science: the emphasis is on rationalitas and objectivity of knowledge / science can be said to lay the foundation of natural knowledge (science) which is still adhered to. Understanding of the drives / needs that drive human behavior is the basis for the concept of motivation in psychology. The division became the basis of Freudian motivations.
AristotlePupil of Plato, his teacher bases itself on the view, but then developed its own principles.Aristotle was a biologist, a highly empirical, to believe in things natural and real. Unlike Plato who likes to move in areas ideal, Aristotle is a down to earh.For Aristotle, psychology is the science of the soul. Soul be a vital part of the individual, moving, directing the development of organisms, and actualize the organism into existence now. The soul is the form.In this case different from Aristotle's view of the teacher that separates the idea (which in Aristotle's conception can be equated with the soul) and matter. For Aristotle, the soul and matter are inseparable. The material does not mean without a soul.Not all things in nature have a soul, only the organism, that is Nutritive soul, sensitive soul, rational soul.Structure and Function of Rational / Human soul.
Perception-the starting point of knowledge-has to do with form, not matter. Example: a look at is the closet, not wood.
The Special Senses, any sense to focus on the typical characteristics of an object. For Aristotle, the sense we capture and record these characteristics in our minds, as it is.
The Interior Senses, sensing part which lies in our minds, not in touch with the outside world, but still have contact with the experience of sensation.
Common Sense, which integrates the various sensations which we receive so that it becomes a complete and integrated picture of our world, is located in the heart. Common sense and imagination shape our assessment that ultimately helps us to interpretour sensory experience.
Memory, a complete image of the object to the memory and stored there. The main function of memory is returned to represent the object, without having to with the real presence of the real object. Also result in judgment, feeling like / dislike that are driving the emergence of behavior.
Mind, the most rational, possessed only by humans. So the animals, the information only to the memory. Mind works to form the abstraction of object representations to the memory. In other words, forms of knowledge (knowledge).Passive mind is the potential, does not have its own character. What's new in it to be actualized knowledge through active mind. Active mind moving to process the contents of the passive mind, eternal, and eternal. This section is independent of the body and exist in all humans.MotivationDistinguish between motivation in animals (appetite) and human motivation (wish). Humans understand the good-bad so motivasionalnya moral conflict ethical, while the animal is pleasurable. nex...
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