aspects of Value

The value functionThe main function of the value can be explained as follows:

1. As a standard value (Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992, 1994), its function is:

• Guide individuals in taking a particular position in a particular socialissues (Feather, 1994).
• Predispose individuals to prefer any particular political ideology other than political ideology.
• Directing how to present yourself to others.
• To evaluate and make decisions.
• Direct view to persuade and influence the behavior of others, will tell the individual beliefs, attitudes, values ​​and behaviors of other individuals are different, who can protest and argue, can be influenced and changed.

2. Value systems as a general plan in resolving conflict and decision making (Feather, 1995; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992, 1994)Certain situations will typically activate multiple values ​​in individual value systems. Generally, the activated values ​​are values ​​that are dominant in the individual.
3. Motivational functionDirect function of the value is to direct the behavior of individuals in everyday situations, while the indirect function is to express basic needs, so the value is said to have a motivational function. Value can be memotivisir individual to perform a particular action (Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1994), giving a certain direction and intensity of emotional behavior (Schwartz, 1994). This is based on the theory that value also represents the needs (including biological) and will, in addition to social demands (Feather, 1994; Grube et al., 1994).As the value of belief (Belief)From the definition, values ​​are beliefs (Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1994; Feather, 1994) so ​​that the discussion of the value of the confidence necessary to understand the whole theory of value, especially its relation to behavior. Value itself is quite prescriptive beliefs or proskriptif, that some way or final action is rated as desirable or undesirable. This is consistent with Allport that the definition of value is a belief that underlies a person to act on his choice (in Rokeach, 1973). Robinson et al. (1991) argued that belief in the concept of Rokeach, not only in the understanding of a conceptual scheme, but also a predisposition to behave in accordance with the feelings of the object of faith.
In Rokeach (1973) said, as the beliefs, values ​​have cognitive, affective and behavior with the following explanation:

1. The value includes the cognition of what is desired, explaining knowledge, opinion and individual thinking about what is desired.


2. The value includes the affective, in which individuals or groups have the emotion of what you want, so the value of individuals or groups to explain the feeling of what it wants.
3. Values ​​have behavioral components, meaning the value of a variable of influence in directing the behavior displayed.

Understanding of the value of a conviction, can not be separated from the model developed by Rokeach first time in 1968, called the Belief System Theory (BST). Grube et al. (1994) explains that the BST is an organization of theories that explain and understand how the beliefs and behavior are interrelated, and under what conditions a belief system can be maintained or changed. Further explained that in the BST, the behavior is a function of attitudes, values ​​and self-concept.
According to Grube, Mayton, II & Rokeach (1994), BST is a frame of mind that seeks to explain the organization of an attitude (attitude), value (value), and behavior (behavior). According to this theory, beliefs and behaviors related to each other. Beliefs of the individual dimensions organized in a dimensional degree of centrality or importance. A more central beliefs will have great implications and consequences of other beliefs. So the change is more central a belief that would provide a greater impact on behavior than in other beliefs sentralitasnya lower. Sequence according to the degree of confidence is self-conceptions sentralitasnya, value, and the attitude.Attitude (attitude) is a belief which occupies the position of peripheral / edge or lowest sentralitasnya in BST. Attitude is an organization of beliefs about the everyday object or situation. Number of attitude of the individual can relate to many of the object or situation is different. Thus one can have the attitude that thousands of them. Given the attitude is the belief that the peripherals, then the change in attitude has only limited influence on behavior.
Value (value) is the belief that more central next. Exceed the value of an object and a particular situation. Value plays an important role as a cognitive representation of individual needs on the one hand and social demands on the other side.
The concept of self (self-conceptions) is the central belief of the BST. According to Rokeach (in Grube, Mayton, II & Rokeach, 1994) concept of self is the whole conception of the individual about themselves, including the organization of all cognition and affective connotations that seeks to answer the question "Who is this me?". All other beliefs and behavior organized around the concept of self and trying to maintain a positive self-concept.
Thus, changes in one component of BST, will cause changes in other components, including behavior. In contrast to the attitudes, values ​​is a single belief that transcends objects and situations. Therefore, possible changes in value will cause changes to other components than others.Relations Values ​​And BehaviorIn human life, the value of a direct role as a standard of behavior. Values ​​guiding the individual to enter into a situation and how individuals behave in such situations (Rokeach, 1973; Kahle in Homer & Kahle, 1988). Be the criterion values ​​held by individuals in choosing and deciding things (Williams in Homer & Kahle, 1988). Danandjaja (1985) suggested that the value of giving direction to the attitudes, beliefs and behavior, and provide guidelines for selecting the desired behavior in each individual. Hence the effect on behavior as a result of the formation of attitudes and beliefs, so it can be said that the value of a deciding factor in a variety of social behavior (Rokeach, 1973; Danandjaja, 1985).
Refer to the BST, the value is one component that plays a role in behavior: changes in value can lead to a change in behavior. This has been demonstrated in numerous studies that successfully modify behavior by changing the value system (Grube et al., 1994; Sweeting, 1990; Waller, 1994; Greenstein, 1976; Grube, Greenstein, Rankin & Kearney, 1977; Schwartz & Inbar- Saban, 1988). Change in value has been shown to significantly cause changes also in attitudes and behavior of employment, smoking, cheating, following political activities, the selection of friends, participate in the activities of human rights, buying a car, attend church, to choose leisure activities, associated with other races, using the media, anticipated use of the media, and political orientation (Homer & Kahle, 1988).Measurement of ValueDuring this measurement the value of self-evaluation based on the results reported by individuals into a scale of measurement (eg, Rokeach value survey, Schwartz value survey). Self-evaluation requires an understanding of cognitive and affective self, including to distinguish between normative ideals and values ​​that exist today factual. In line with this, Schwartz, Verkasalo, Antonovsky, and Sagiv (1997) looked at the relationship between social desirability and response to a rating scale based on self reporting. They prove that there was bias in the measurement values ​​that contain aspects of high social desirability, which is the type of value Hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, achievement and power. So the measurement values ​​using the reporting scale in research that influenced many aspects such as social desirability in this study (eg sexual behavior) is not good.
Another way is used to determine the value of the individual is with interview techniques. This technique has been used by Rokeach (1973) to explore the values ​​of what a person has. He conducted interviews with respondents asked to answer questions about the value of what their final destination.
Based on the theory that has been described previously, the values ​​of a person will appear in a few indicators:

1. Relating to the definition of value as a way of behavior and a specific end goal, the first indicator is a statement about the desires, the principle of life and life goals.
2. The next indicator is the behavior of subjects in their everyday lives. Values ​​influence how people behave, give direction on the behavior and provide guidelines for selecting the desired behavior. So a person's behavior reflects the values ​​espoused. Of behavior can be seen what his priorities, what is more desired by someone.
3. Value function is to motivate behavior. How big is the person trying to achieve what he wanted and emotional intensity that is attributable to his efforts, could be a measure of the strength values ​​espoused.
4. One function of the value is in resolving conflicts and making decisions. In situations where one must take the decision of the situations that cause conflict, the dominant value be activated. So, what is one's decision in conflict situations can be used as an indicator of the values ​​espoused.
5. Another function is to guide the individual in taking a particular position in a particular social topic and evaluate it. So what one's opinion about a given topic and how he evaluates the topic, can describe their values.