AS A SELF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

AS A SELF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 
Social and intellectual context
 In the late 19th century, with the development of natural science and the scientific method is established as described in the previous section, the European intellectual context is 'ready' to accept the discipline of psychology as an independent and formal.
 Land is the German-born psychology. Hence the emergence of psychology can not be separated from social context and intellectual orientation Germany Wilhelm Wundt, the first to proclaim psychology as a discipline.   A. Social context of German  scientific context of Germany in the 19th century marked by the founding of the university institution with a mission to establish a quality human (cultured and have integrity) and provider of professional employment.  Psychology is defined as a discipline that contributes to the formation of Bildungsburger, culturally educated citizens. So psychology is also influenced by the values ​​of the German ideal of human qualities. As a science of the relationship closest and most directly by humans, psychology is between the two interests: relation to the concrete sciences and applied and their relationship to the human sciences such as philosophy, theology.  Wundt himself considered as part of the philosophy of psychology. But with the development of his personal career, he began to set limits to do psi. as a natural science, particularly psychology experiments. Basis of thinking about the psychology of Wundt show how the position of psychology in both its own interests. For him human consciousness (consciousness) consists of the elements. But these elements are incorporated in a larger unity through human will.
2. Wundt history and thought.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was born in Neckarau, Baden, Germany, from an intellectual family. He finished his undergraduate studies and earned a doctorate in medicine and is interested in physiological research. He conducted research in the field of psychophysical together with Johannes Mueller's Hermann von Helmholtz. The main works in this period is Grundzuege Physiologischen der Psychologie (Principles of physiological psychology) in 1873-1874.
Wundt obtain a position as a professor and taught at the University of Leipzig where he founded the Psychological Institute. Psychology laboratory was founded in 1879, marking the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline. At the beginning of this laboratory, Wundt to finance it from his own pocket as a private venture. After 1885, this new lab is recognized by universities and funded by the university official. The lab is growing rapidly before the building was destroyed in the PD2. During the Leipzing, Wundt was a very productive faculty, 200 guiding the student dissertations, teaching more than 24,000 mahasisiwa, and write teratur.Pada in 1900 he began his great work, Voelkerpsychologie, who had an end in 1920, the year when he died. This work contains his thoughts on the other side of psychology, the study of individuals in society, not only in the laboratory inidvidu. This work may be regarded as the first trace of Social Psychology. Wundt thought divided on some important points:  The existence of 'an alliance Between two of science', namely the physiology and psychology. Physiology is the science that informs the phenomenon of life as we perceive through external sensing, while allowing human psychology tends to look inward from the internal side of himself. Ties associated with the two branches of this science, there are several important ideas:  The methodology of this alliance means the apparatus and measurement techniques in the field of physiology applied to the psychological field, for example by reaction time.Based on this, Wundt called the discovery of a new branch of science as experimental psychology. For Wundt experimental method is more 'worthy' used of the exploration of mind rather than the commonly used, namely 'introspection'. Actually, traditionally, Wundt introspektiv rely on observation of the natural surroundings and the world, which is separated between attempt to identify the elements of mental elemn and identify the mental processes that integrate these elements into a coherent experience or object.  With this alliance of psychology to be more helpful to face the challenges of the natural world of science. Psychology that have traditionally studied soul (soul), now have justification for a soul element to describe the TSB in the smallest physiological elements, such as the composition of the nervous system. It is also possible occurrence of mental operations reduksionism into neurological surgery.  Through the alliance with the more established sciences such as the position of physiological science, psychology is more readily accepted in the realm of science as an independent science  The view of psychology as a science and its methods.  An understanding of the psychology of Wundt is relatively constant, ie ".. as the study of the mind and the search for the laws That govern it .." (Leahey, 2000: 253). However, views on the most appropriate method to explore the mind and scope of the mind itself is changing in line with the development of his intellectual maturity. At first, Wundt characterize the mind includes unconscious processes / unconciousness (as characteristic of the soul). Experimental method is a way to bring research on the mind of the level of awareness (consciousness) to the processes of the unconscious. In other words, the experimental method is a way to bring the mind into the limits of the scope of an objective natural science and its development empiris.Dalam, Wundt recognizes that the methods of experimental psychology physiology is very powerful to explore the elements of the fundamental soul (such as perception, emotions, etc.). But on the fundamental phenomena are still present mental processes of the higher (higher mental process) which integrates the basic phenomenon of TSB. Higher mental process comes in the form of mental creativity and the strength of a civilization and is eternal, that is: language, myth, custom, culture. At this stage the soul Wundt limiting function only at the stage of consciousness. Unconscious processes are no longer the focus of the 'study of the mind'. Research Methods for Psychology, Wundt is the focus of further thought. The idea of ​​the method is also developed in line with the maturity of his intellectual processes. The first method is recommended Wundt as a scientific strategy for the experimental self-observation/introspection psychological exploration, development of methods of contemplation (subjective armchair introspection) are often used in philosophy. This method is carried out by Wundt dg very controlled manner so that it can be replicated.This method is carried out under strict supervision of a trained experimenter. The subjects included in a controlled lab situation and asked to report systematically generated experience of the situation. Experimenter recorded these results in detail. Introspection on the experimental method is preferred by Wundt in his researches at the time he understood the mind sbagai studies that include unconsciousness. This method is considered more superior than the traditional introspection (armchair introspection) because it is able to reach the stage of unconsciousness than terakhir.Selain experimental introspection, Wundt found another method, namely the comparative-psychological-psychological danhistorical. Experimental method of introspection is only useful in a normal adult subjects. For children, animals, and individuals with the disorder do comparative-psychological kejiwaaan to see their mental differences. While the historical-psychological method is to look at individual mental differences of races and different nationalities. As someone who influenced Darwin's thinking, Wundt believed that the psychological development of individuals can be studied by looking at the history of human development itself. At the time of Wundt view of the mind focused on the level of consciousness, restricted method of introspection started, and Wundt turned to modern methods of laboratory experiments, where the importance is the possibility of an exact duplication. Wundt studies focus can be seen through two major work, Principles of Physiological Psychology danVoelkerpsychologie. Principles of Physiological Psychology, Wundt in his work is focused on the results of experiments on memory, emotion, and consciousness abnormalities. The experimental results on the memory of the simple ideas generate the number of simple ideas that can be stored in the memory of man (mind), the fact that the idea would be more meaningful than it appears to remember random, and the nature of human consciousness is selective. Important concept that emerges is Apperception, a form of mental operations that synthesizes mental elements into a unified whole, is also influential in the higher mental processes such as analysis and judgment. Wundt studies about emotions and feelings generate emotions poles division into three dimensions:  Pleasant vs. unpleasant  High vs. low arousal  Concentrated vs. relaxed attention This theory is known as the three dimensional theory of abnormality but is kontroversial.Ide awareness of Wundt established through discussion with the psychiatrist-famous disksui time, Kretschmer and Kraepelin. Wundt idea about the loss of control schizoprenic appersepsi and attentional control in the process. As a result, the thinking process is merely a series of uncontrolled association of ideas. Voelkerpsychologie, is her focus on psychological historical method. Individual mind is the result of a long development species. Then attempt to understand the development of mind must be done by exploring the historical development of human civilization.History is a way to arrive at an intuitive human psychology. In the exploration of the history of this development, Wundt to the detailed and systematic study of human language development. The results of this study was considered a major achievement in the world of psychology and laid the groundwork for the field of psycholinguistics. Wundt viewed in two dimensions in the language, of linguistic and cognitive aspects. Language describing how your cognitive processes running and also describes the abstraction level of the individual. The main services in the field of psychology Wundt was his attempt to fight for the acceptance of psychology as an independent discipline. Wundt own ideas did not last long, and even many of his students did not popularize his thoughts. In the context of developmental psychology as a discipline, Wundt more appropriately regarded as a transitional figure who bridges the philosophical aspects of psychology in the past with the characteristics of applied and natural science of psychology in the future. The students are also more interested Wundt to develop psychology into two directions TSB: natural science and applied science.
  3. Structuralism: E.B. Titchener E.B. Titchener is one of the students who are considered most favorable Wundt Wundt view, despite the fact that many views are opposed Wundt, and eventually he developed his own flow, structural psychology. British Titchener. He studied at Oxford in philosophy before switching to physiology.Based on his experience translating books into English Wundt, Titchener interested in the teachings of Wundt and moved to Leipzig to become a disciple of Wundt. After studying under Wundt and had taught briefly in England, Wundt moved to America, taught at Cornell University until his death in 1927. During his stay in America he underwent structural psychology finds another challenge to the flow of a typical American psychology, such as functionalism and behaviorism. But Titchener not affected the two major streams, and they will stick to structuralism until his death. The flow of structuralism bases itself on the main concepts Titchener, that sensation.The main concept that led him to clash with Wundt and apperceptionnya concept. In contrast to the Apperception is the result of the conclusion, so it is still possible subjectivity, sensation is the result of direct experience, making it more objective. After all the attention that a function can always be restored kepda Apperception sensation by Titchener Three main ideas of structuralism Titchener:  Identify the fundamental elements of sensation. All the complex mental processes can be reduced to this fundamental element. For example, Titchener found 30 500 visual elements, the four elements of taste, and so on. Titchener used experimental introspection methods to explore the basic elements of this sensation, a method he learned from Wundt. But in the hands of Titchener, this method is more elaboratif, because it is not only descriptive but also a retrospective analysis.  Identify how the basic elements are inter-related sensations to form perceptions, ideas and images are complex. This relationship is dynamic and constantly changing in accordance with the change of the basic elements, so it's not the association.  Explain the workings of the mind. Titchener did not agree that the mind is explained through psychological processes (higher mental process) as did Wundt. Mind must be explained by physiological processes, namely the activity of the nervous system.Because of the physiological processes more observable than psychological processes. Structuralism flow does not develop into a great flow. This stream disappeared along with the death of Titchener.