Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis can be said as a stream of psychology's most well known though perhaps not entirely understood. But psychoanalysis is also a unique stream of psychology, not the same as other streams. This stream is also the most influence on other fields outside of psychology, through Freud thought.

A. background

• Mental concepts are active.

This concept is mainly held by experts in Germany. At this time the dominant role of structuralism in Germany has been taken over by the flow of Gestalt. Gestalt understanding of human mental organization considers the structure is inherent. This structure allows humans to learn and get the mental content itself. Thus, Gestalt focuses on the mental concept of an active but still empirical.

Follow the mental activity of Psychoanalysis Gestalt (Freud with psikodinamikanya the level of awareness and non awareness) but not empirical. Unlike other streams, psychoanalysis evolved not from the academics research, but based on experience from clinical practice.

• The development of treatment for mental disorders.

At this time the treatment of patients with mental disorders are not humane and is equated with criminals and people displaced. Reforms in the management of patients with mental disorders begins with the improvement of treatment facilities, ultimately leading to improvements in treatment techniques for emotional and behavioral disorders.

B. Figures

1. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Sepanjang masa hidupnya, Freud adalah seorang yang produktif. Meskipun ia dianggap sosok yang kontroversial dan banyak tokoh yang berseberangan dengan dirinya, Freud tetap diakui sebagai salah seorang intelektual besar. Pengaruhnya bertahan hingga saat ini, dan tidak hanya pada bidang psikologi, bahkan meluas ke bidang-bidang lain. Karyanya, Studies in Histeria (1875) menandai berdirinya aliran psikoanalisa, berisi ide-ide dan diskusi tentang teknik terapi yang dilakukan oleh Freud.

a. Riwayat hidup

Throughout his life, Freud was a productive one. Although he was considered a controversial figure and many figures are at odds with himself, Freud is still recognized as one of the great intellectual. His influence survived to the present, and not only in the field of psychology, and even extends to other areas. His work, Studies in Hysteria (1875) marks the founding of the flow of psychoanalysis, contains ideas and discussions about therapeutic techniques conducted by Freud.

a. Biography

Freud Austrian nationality, was born May 6, 1856 in Příbor, (then) Austria, and his family moved to Vienna and continued to live in the city. He comes from a poor family, his father is ill-wool merchants too successful. Since childhood, Freud has shown remarkable intelligence. He studied medicine and choose the specialization in the field of neurological disorders. In practice as a neurologist, Freud is a lot to develop ideas and theories about the therapeutic techniques of psychoanalysis.

There are two people who influence the thinking of Freud, namely Breuer, a renowned psychiatrist in Vienna and Charcot, the famous physician in France nerves. Together with Breuer, Freud's patients deal with disorders of hysteria that became material for his writing, Studies in Hysteria. From Charcot he learned a lot about the techniques of hypnosis in treating patients with hysteria since Charcot developed hypnosis techniques. Later, Freud left this hypnosis technique because it is difficult to implement and develop techniques to explore the unconscious through the consciousness, like free association. Freud developed the technique with more confidence that things are not forgotten in the unconscious (such as Charcot's theory), but direpres (pressed into the unconscious so as not to appear).

In the early decades of the 20th century, psychoanalysis increasingly popular and the writings of Freud increasingly influential. It also has many followers / disciples of the famous, such as Adler and Jung. Begin to form a regular discussion forums between experts psychoanalysis where they can discuss the concepts of psychoanalysis. In 1909, Freud was invited by G. Stanley Hall to speak at Clark Union, one big union in the U.S., and thus Freud also been recognized in the U.S.. In 1910 the International Psychoanalysis Association formed and Jung became its first chairman. The colleague Freud protested this and defend Freud to become chairman. Jung and Freud's relationship finally disrupted.

Freud left Austria when Hitler came to power and position as the Jewish intellectuals gave a variety of difficulties. Through the efforts of Ernest Jones, an English and British ambassador in Austria, in 1938 Freud out of Austria and immigrated to England until his death in 1939.

b. Pemikiran dan teori

• Freud divided mind into consciousness, and unconsciousness preconsciousness. Of the three aspects of consciousness, unconsciousness is the most dominant and most important in determining human behavior (analogous to an iceberg). Unsconscious stored in the memory of childhood, a great psychic energy and instinct. Preconsciousness act as a bridge between the conscious and unconscious, contains a memory or idea that can be accessed at any time. Consciousness is just a small part of the mind, but the only part that has direct contact with reality.
• Freud developed the concept of mind in the above structure by developing a 'mind apparatus', which is known as the structure of Freud's personality and become konstruknya most importantly, the id, ego and super ego.
  • Id is the most fundamental structure of personality, entirely unconscious and work according to the pleasure principle, the purpose of immediate gratification.
  • The ego develops from the id, which controls the structure of personality and make decisions on human behavior. Superego, the ego develops from the time people know the value of moral good and bad.
  • Superego reflects social values ​​and individual awareness on moral tuntuta. In the event of breach of the value, the superego punishes the ego with a sense of false cause.
  Ego is always facing the tension between the demands of the id and superego. If these demands are not addressed properly managed, then the ego is threatened and comes anxiety (anxiety). In order to save themselves from threats, perform ego defensive reactions / self defense. This is known as a kind mecahnism defense can vary, al repression.

c. Donations Freud

• As the first person who touches the psychology concepts such as the role of unconsciousness (unconsciousness), anxiety, motivation, theoretical approaches to explain the structure of personality development
• Position the firm as well as showing a deterministic laws of behavior, that human behavior can be predicted
• Freud also examines cultural products of glasses of psychoanalysis, such as poetry, drama, painting, and others. Therefore he also contributed to the analysis of works of art

d. Criticism of Freud

• Study method is considered less reliable, it is difficult tested in a systematic and highly subjective
• Constructs his theory is also difficult to scientifically tested so that the question of scholarship. Some even considered the concept of fiction, such as the Oedipus complex
• For the flow of behaviorist, which made Freud was studying the intervening variable

Freud had many disciples. Not everything will be discussed, only two of his followers were to be discussed here, that Adler and Jung.

2. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Adler developed the so-called Individual Psychology. Many concepts that followed Freud, among others, the level of awareness. However, Adler emphasized the factor of consciousness / ego element. In theory a lot of touching elements of the social environment so that it is also known as one of the first social psychoanalyst. As a follower of Freud, Adler chose a different path from Freud and Freud's thought is emphasized that the sexual element is less realistic.

Adler developed the so-called Individual Psychology. Many concepts that followed Freud, among others, the level of awareness. However, Adler emphasized the factor of consciousness / ego element. In theory a lot of touching elements of the social environment so that it is also known as one of the first social psychoanalyst. As a follower of Freud, Adler chose a different path from Freud and Freud's thought is emphasized that the sexual element is less realistic.

• Adler in Vienna of a merchant family who are. Since childhood he was sickly and this menumbukan aspiration to become a doctor. In 1895 he graduated from the Medical University of Vienna, and practiced as an ophthalmologist before going out for psychiatry and a psychiatrist.
• Adler is the main concept of organ inferiority. Departing from his theory of inferiority because of who tried to overcome the physical deficiencies of man, he expanded his theory by stating that the feelings of inferiority are universal. Every human being must have a feeling inferior because of its shortcomings and trying to compensate for these feelings. This compensation may be in the form of defense or adjust to overcome the weaknesses that enable tsb.
• Furthermore, Adler also talks about striving for superiority, the impetus to overcome the inferiority to achieve excellence. This impulse innate in nature and is a strong driving force for the individual throughout his life. The existence of the human striving for superiority led to ever-evolving towards perfection. This theory makes Adler has pandangn more optimistic and positive impact on people and more future oriented than Freud is more oriented to the past.
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3. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

Known to develop Analytical Psychology. As a disciple of Freud, Jung also filed objections to some of Freud's major concepts that led to their relationship strained and cracked. Jung and Freud the main difference lies in their views of the unconscious. Although they both emphasize the unconscious as a determinant of human behavior (Jung even stronger in this case), but they are different positions on the origin of this unconsciousness. Freud said that the sexual element is the primary and dominant factor in the unconscious as Jung strongly disagree with this view and stated that the source of the unconscious is inherited from its ancestors that social and racial groups depending

• Jung was born in Switzerland, his father is a pastor and will be a lot of religious elements play a role in his thinking. He studied medicine at Basel University, graduated 1900. Later he was appointed to work at the psychiatric clinic of Zurich University in 1909. He was the first chairman of the International Association Psychoanalitic 1911. In 1914 he resigned from his position and founded analytical psychology. In the 1920s he made many field expeditions to Africa and South America while researching and developing his theory. The expedition was significantly influenced his theories of strong cultural element. C.G., 1948 Jung Institute in Zurich was established to develop his theory and therapy techniques.
• Jung's emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the key concepts, collective unconscious. Transpersonal nature of this concept, there is the whole man. This is demonstrably through the structure of the human brain that has not changed. Consists of the collective unconscious memory traces inherited from previous generations, the coverage up in pre-human. For example, parental love, fear of wild beasts, and others. Collective unconscious of the human personality is the basis for the value and wisdom contained therein are adopted by humans.
• Derived ideas or primordial images called archetypes. Formed of repeated experiences in a long time. There are some basic human archetype, the persona, anima, shadow self. Archetype that is the content of collective unconsciousness.

Evaluation of Adler and Jung

• Adler recognized the contribution of his theory that optimistic and future-oriented in view of the human
• Jung incorporate cultural elements in a stream of psychoanalysis so that his theory also extends to broad areas such as history, art, and others. Based on Jung's theory, the experts psychological tests such as Eysenck and Cattell personality test set after test the validity of Jung's theory of statistical
• Criticism of Jung and Adler as weakness Freud, aimed at the "scholarship" both theoretical concepts.