Narcissism

The concept and the term narcissism begins with an ancient Greek mythology about a handsome young man of the Thespian named Narsisus are destined to live until he saw her and fell in love with self-image he sees.

Based on the developed concept narcisism mythology (in this paper the author uses the word: narcissism) that was originally used to describe people who fall in love with his own image or a form of punishment for people who can not love others. In 1899, Paul Nacke, a German psychiatrist Narcismus use the term refers to the "attitude of a person treats his own body of WHO in the same way as otherwise the body of sexual object is treated. ". In other words, a person experiences sexual pleasure at watching, petting and loving her body. Nacke concept of narcissism is what later became the basis for the concept of narcissism that is used by Freud (1914). During its development, the understanding of narcissism in Freud's theory is not only about the abnormal behavior in the sexual life of individuals, but more emphasis on instinct to protect oneself (self perseveration) that exist in every living thing.

Freud (1914) described the concept in his theory of narcissism metapsikologi (metapsychological). This concept is used to describe the normal stages of development between stages autoerotik libido (autoeroticism) and object love. Narcissism arises when libido (psychic energy) invested to satisfy ourselves that there is an inability to invest it to others or for the sake of others. Behaviors that arise as a result of narcissism is seen as a love of self (self love) is excessive.

Furthermore, in the clinical field, Freud (in Raskin & Terry, 1988) uses the concept narsisime diagnostic categories to describe the behavior of the phenomenon as follows:

• One's attitude towards himself, such as love of self (self love), admire the self (self Admiration), exaggerated self / expansive behavior (self aggrandizement)
• Vulnerability of one's self esteem which include fear of loss of love and fear of failure
• Orientation of self defense which includes megalomania, idealization, denial (denial) and the projection
• The need for love, meet the self (self sufficiency) and needs to be perfect
• In relationships with others showing the attitude that suggests that he was "more" than others

Every human being has two forms of sexual objects, namely: themselves and the woman who cared for him. Furthermore, Freud makes the postulate of a primary narcissism in everyone at a later date which will be manifested through the electoral dominance of the object (object-choice) love.

Freud (1914) divided individuals into two distinct groups based on object selection:

1. Narcissistic Type

In individuals with disorders of the libidinal development, such as homosexuality, in which the election is not a mother's love object but themselves. They clearly see themselves as objects of love.

Based on this narcissistic type, then one would probably choose the object of love:

1. themselves
2. themselves first
3. desired self
4. someone who had once been part of her

2. Anaclitic Type

Auto-erotic experience first sexual gratification occurs when an individual performs a self-preservation. Which appears at the beginning of the sexual instinct which is then followed by the ego-instinct; then they are free of these instincts and transform them into sexual objects in feeding activity, attention and protection provided by the mother.

Anaclitik by type, then one would probably choose the object of love:

1. 1. women who take parenting / care
   2. the man who gives protection

The dynamics of narcissism

Freud thought that a baby feels he is perfect and very influential. He has a mind of limited and unlimited (omnipotence of thought). All the energy used to satisfy the libido and to treat the psychological needs of its existence. Basic investment of energy is called "ego libido" or narcissistic. Autoerotis instincts that nature is a primordial instinct and narcissism through this instinct began to appear on the individual self. Furthermore, Freud divides narcissism into two, namely;

1. Narsisism primer

On primary narcissism, libido energy is directed to yourself to satisfy yourself. At a certain moment, in accordance with its development, the baby no longer find the perfect self-satisfaction through his mind. He then experienced interruptions in the gratification of narcissistic (self-absorption narcissisistic). In the end he will transfer his libido energy on others to seek satisfaction for him that even though satisfaction is not as perfect as the first.

2. Secondary narcissism

While the secondary narcissism, libido energy investments were transferred to another person but still be done in order to be able to satisfy themselves.

Freud (1911 in Siegel, 1996) tried to explain the development of narcissism is through the study of psychosis. Freud tried to analyze the diary of Schreber, a judge who wrote a diary when he suffered an episode of psychosis. Freud's analysis uses the diary depicting paranoid delusions experienced by Schreber to study the processes that occur in psychosis. Freud believed that the fundamental pathology in psychosis is the regression to the narcissistic phase which at that stage there was no adhesion (attachment) to the object. Freud built development of object attachment continuum that begins with narcissistic stage (objectless) and move towards the love object stage, a stage at which the object is loved and lived as something separate.

Development of the concept of narcissism

The concept of narcissism developed by Freud greatly influence the thinking of modern psychoanalysis. One of the understanding of narcissism in the clinical field of modern psychoanalytic perspective can be found in the theory of Kohut. Kohut (in Siegel, 1996) see as a developmentally narsisime themselves. Meanwhile, the manifestation of unhealthy narcissism is feeling as depression and emptiness he encountered in some patients. Their complaints centered on the possibility of loss of meaning and passion of their lives so that they go through life with a heavy heart.

According to Kohut, the main requirement is necessary in the development of healthy narcissism is

1. needs to be reflected as manifested through the children's needs for recognition, approval, and admiration for their expressions and behavior. The most important person for this reflection is the mother.
2. the need to idealize that is manifested through the admiration and identification in adults are more powerful. The person who most often is idealized by the child's father.

 Continuum associated with the development of Freud's narcissistic, it is Kohut sought to add the understanding of narcissism based on a slightly different perspective to the concept of the object of love in Freud as the endpoint of the maturation of narcissism. For Freud, denial of narcissism to object love interest is the goal of treatment of Freud, Kohut on narcissism while the idea of ​​bringing the therapeutic implications.

Kohut states that narcissistic experience begins at the time when the baby begins to feel happiness or also called the infant's blissful state. Baby trying to defend this stage by developing a narcissistic form a perfect 2, wherein each system evolved from a fragmented primary narcissism, which in turn is often known as bipolar self;

1. Narcissistic Self

s a system that makes a 'perfect self', a form of development where everything looks good, pleasing and perfect as a part of him. In the meantime, everything bad is part of the outside. Narcissism is not invested to others but for themselves invested with a very high rate of self. They hope to get a full view of admiration from others. Narcissistic self are intimately associated with impulses and pressures that ultimately contribute to the emergence of ambition.

2. Idealized Parent Imago

The system is trying to restore the lost blissful state by providing power and absolute perfection to others. Attachment to the figure of 'perfect' returns intact and pleasant feeling. Idealization of the idealized parent imago is produced through the projection of the baby's happiness; power and perfection, against his parents. Idealized parent imago regarded with awe as the next object to contribute to the emergence of an ideal figure.

The concept of narcissism contextualization

In today's modern era, narcissism appears as a way to cope with stress and anxiety that is felt. Lasch (1979) uses the concept of narcissism in a broad scope of society. A new form of society requires new forms of personality and a new way of socializing. By the time people choose narcissism, will further develop into the social conditions that can increase the narcissistic traits that exist in varying degrees in every person. One of the conditions that exist in today's modern society the things that have contributed to forming a narcissistic society, namely:

• Changes in the value of a person's success. In the modern society, a person's success can be judged by its ability to display the image of success, not on one's ability to address the problem or the actions he has done. Assessed the success of one's own attributes, such as wealth, power, and fame owned (Lasch, 1979)
• Lowen (1985) discusses the narcissism at the level of individual and cultural levels. At the cultural level, narcissism can be seen as a loss or reduction in humanitarian values ​​(loss of human values) is seen from the reduced attention to the environment, the quality of individual lives, and the values ​​of friendship that exist between individuals.

Departing from the thought above, the study of narcissism in Indonesia has a significant opportunity to be developed by looking at Indonesia's cultural diversity and the likelihood of changes in value that occurs in modern society. Mass media and advertisement, apparently contributed to the change in lifestyle. Development efforts in Indonesia to do research to understand, for example:

• Narcissism in a particular cultural phenomenon.
• The phenomenon of narcissism in the realm of politics, governance and violations / enforcement.
• The role of mass media in society and influence the development of a narcissistic personality.
• Characters and characterizations: establish and maintain a narcissistic personality.
• The link between lifestyle of modern society with the development of narcissistic personality.
• Parenting role in giving effect to the formation of narcissistic personality.