Behaviorism

Behaviorism emerged as a further criticism of structuralism Wundt. Although based on the view and the scientific study of Russia, the flow is growing in the U.S., is a continuation of functionalism.

Behaviorism is strongly rejected the elements of consciousness that is not real as the object of study of psychology, and confine themselves to the study of actual behavior. Thus, Behaviorism does not agree with the decomposition of the soul into the element as it is believed by strukturalism. Also means that behaviorism had to go further than functionalism that still recognize the existence of the soul and still focus on mental processes.

Although at first sight seem radical Behaviorism views and understanding of the psychological change drastically, Brennan (1991) saw the emergence of more Behaviorism as evolutionary rather than revolutionary change. Behaviorism premises had encountered earlier centuries.

Thought predecessor

1. Thinkers in philosophy

• Thought the ancient Greek philosophers biological orientation groups that seek to explain human activity in the form of mechanistic reactions of biological processes, such as Hippocrates.
• John Locke's view that emphasizes the environment as a determinant of human behavior, the soul is considered passive.
• views of empiricism and associationism is behaviorism coloring. Human adaptation to the environment through a learning process that tried to explain empirically and using the associated processes.

2. The field of reflexology

• Research in the field of reflexology in Russia, is a close relative influence on behaviorism than the above views. Reflexology aims to explore the physiological basis of behavioral processes. They do this not within the context of advancing the science of psychology, because the experts are actually a physiological expert. So it has its own psychological aspects covered in their physiological research.
• Key people reflexology Russia: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. A study set in animal physiology from the University of St. Petersburg (graduated 1875), also has a medical background. Been educated in Germany and earned a professor of pharmacology and physiological. Research, research on physiological processes in the digestive system drove him get the Nobel Prize in 1904. Pavlov himself has always refused to be called as. psychologist and prefers to be known as an expert because he thinks the field of physiological psychology is a field that is too abstract and speculative compared with the more empirical physiological. He always felt skeptical even with psychology
• In the field of psychology, Pavlov is known for his discoveries in the process of conditioning. This invention is obtained through research with dogs, are not planned. Even Pavlov initially a bit hesitant to continue because its direction is considered too 'psychological' and abstract means. But he memtuskan to continue because the characteristics of these experiments are more physiological.

Pavlov main theories:

a. responses that occur in the process of conditioning:

Stage 1:	Food ----------------------------------------------------	saliva
UCS	UCR (natural)
Stage  2:	pair food with another stimulus (the bell, plate)
Stage  3:	bel -----------------------------------------------------------	saliva
CS	CR (learned)

b. expansion of responses to the basic conditioning

• delayed CR
• Extinguished / extinction and spontaneous recovery
• Generalization / irradation-discrimination
• Experimental neurosis
•  

c. introduced the concept of reinforcement.

3. Theory of modern assosiasionisme

• The main character: Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949).
• He read the book James (Principles of Psychology) as a first-year psychology student at Wesleylan University and studied at Harvard's James alone in the field of animal learning. Thorndike experiments with animals so long as he supported James at Harvard. Then he came to Columbia at the invitation of James Mc. Keen Cattell and continued his experiments. After earning his Ph.D., he was interested in the social sector and education, then taught at Teachers' College, Columbia University, until his retirement in 1949.
• Thorndike developed the theory of associationism is very systematic, and one of the most systematic theoretical study. He brings ideas to the association of philosophers in the empirical level with melakukn experiments on these philosophical ideas. Thorndike also recognizes the importance of the concept of reinforcement and reward, and wrote this in his theory of 'law of effect' in 1898 (compared with the new Pavlov wrote his ideas about reinforcement in 1902).

Thorndike's view:

• Definition of Psychology: ... the study of stimulus-response connections or bonds ... Thorndike place great importance on connections. Connections can be formed by grafting connect in a long sequence. A response had connections that could be a stimulus. This is where the role of associations that make up the visible connections.
• Thorndike main theories:

a. The phenomenon of learning:

• Trial and error learning
• Transfer of learning

b. The laws of learning:

• Law of Readiness: the existence of physiological maturity for a particular learning process, such as readiness to learn to read. Contents of this theory is oriented to the physiological
• Law of Exercise: the amount of exercise (which may include the use or practice) can strengthen the SR bond. Example: repeat, memorize, and so forth. Later this theory comes with the element of learning effect that is no longer just a mere repetition effect.
• Law of Effect: strong or weak a connection can be affected by the consequences of such connection. Positive consequences will strengthen the connection, while the negative consequences will weaken it. Later this theory is enhanced by adding that negative consequences do not always weaken the connections. Thorndike thought about. The consequences of this became a significant contribution to the flow of behaviorism because he introduced the concept of reinforcement. This concept later became the theoretical basis of the characters such as Watson's behaviorism, Skinner, and others.

 4. Functionalism
The basis for behaviorism through its influence on the main character of behaviorism, namely Watson. Watson was a student of Angell and wrote his dissertation at the University of Chicago. Watson rationale focusing more mental processes than the elements of consciousness, the focus is the real behavior and the development of animal psychology in psychology and child psychology is the influence of functionalism. Nevertheless, Watson showed a sharp criticism on functionalism.

BASIC PRINCIPLES BEHAVIORISM

• Tangible and measurable behaviors has significance, not as a manifestation of the soul or the abstract mental
• Mental aspects of consciousness that has no physical form is a pseudo problem for sciene, should be avoided.
• The main proponents are Watson: overt, observable behavior, is the only legitimate subject of a true science of psychology.
• During its development, this extreme view of Watson further developed by the behaviorist to expand the scope of the study and finally the views of behaviorism behaviorism Watson also become less extreme, to include internal factors as well, although the focus on overt behavior persists.
• Behaviorism flow also contributed to his method of control and is positivistic in the development of psychology.
• Many experts (al Lundin, 1991 and Leahey, 1991) divides into two periods of behaviorism, behaviorism, namely early and more recent.