UnderstandingThe term resilience was first formulated by Block (in Klohnen, 1996) with the name of ego-resilience, which is defined as a general ability that involves the ability of self-adjustment and flexible when faced with internal and external pressures. Specifically, the ego-resilience are:"... That a personality resource allows individuals to Modify Their characteristic level and habitual mode of expression of ego-control as the most adaptively encounter, shape and function in Their immediate and long term environmental context. (Block, in Klohnen, 1996, p.45).
From the foregoing definitions, it appears that ego resiliency is a personality resource that serves to form the environmental context of short and long term, where resources allow individuals to modify the level of character and ego control to express what they did.
In a way, the term resilience has expanded in terms of meaning. Starting with research Rutter & Garmezy (in Klohnen, 1996), about children who are able to survive in a stressful situation. Two researchers on the use of the term resilience as a descriptive labels they use to describe children who are able to function properly even though they live in poor and stressful environments.
Wolff (in Banaag, 2002), looking at resilience as a trait. According to him, this trait is hidden capacity that appears to protect against the destruction of individuals and individuals of all obstacles of life. Individuals who have good intelligence, adaptable, social temperament, and an interesting personality ultimately contribute consistently to its own self-esteem, competence, and the feeling that he was lucky. Individuals are resilient individuals.
Grotberg (1995), on the other hand explains that resilience is the capacity that is universal, and with that capacity, individual, group or community is able to prevent, minimize or negate the effect of which can be damaging when they were hit by disasters or misfortune.
Resilience is also called by Wolin and Wolin (in Bautista, Roldan & Bascal, 2001), as a coping skill when faced with the challenge of life or an individual's capacity to remain "healthy" (wellness) and continue to improve themselves (self repair).
Lazarus (in Tugade & Fredrikson, 2004), the analogies with the resilience elasticity of the metal. For example, printing a lot of iron containing carbon is very hard but brittle or break easily (not resilient), while wrought iron contains less carbon, so soft and easily shaped according to need (resilient). Parable can be applied to distinguish individuals who have the endurance and not when faced with psychological distress associated with negative experiences.
Banaag (2002), states that resilience is a process of interaction between individual factors with environmental factors. These factors serve to hold individual self-destruction and self-perform construction positively, whereas environmental factors serve to protect individuals and "soften" the difficulty of living individuals.
Liquanti (1992), mentioning in particular that the resilience in adolescents is the capabilities of the youth in which they do not relent in the face of pressure and the difference in the environment. They were able to avoid drug use, delinquency, school failure, and of mental disorders.
Masten & Coatswerth (in Davis, 1999), said that the resilience needed to identify the two conditions, namely that the first significant threat to the individual (the threat of high risk status or unfortunate and chronic trauma) and the second is the quality of adaptation or development individuals classified as good (the individual behaves in a manner compotent).
Resilience factorsMany studies that sought to identify factors that influence a person's resilience. These factors include external support and resources that exist in a person (eg family, caregivers institutions in this case that protects women), personal power is developing in a person (such as self-esteem, a capacity for self-monitoring, spirituality and altruism), and social skills (such as conflict resolution, communication skills).
Grotberg (1995), suggests that resilience factors identified by different sources. For the power of the individual, in private use the term 'I Am', for external support and resources, used the term 'I Have', while for the interpersonal skills used istilah'I Can '.
The following will explain the resilience factors that can describe the resilience of the individual. I Am, I Have, I Can is a characteristic to increase the resilience of the principal investigator of the International Resilieance Project (Grotberg, 1995).
- I Am
- I Have
- I Can
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